Project Quality and Risk Management

Phase 5-DB Project Quality and Risk Management PM610-Project Management, Execution, and Closure Risk is best defined basically as the potential to suffer a loss of some sort. Risk analysis is the process of defining and analyzing the dangers to individuals, businesses and government agencies posed by potential natural and human-caused adverse events. In IT, a risk analysis report can be used to align technology-related objectives with a company's business objectives.A risk analysis report can be either quantitative or qualitative. (Search Mid-Market Security 2010). Now that we understand what risk analysis is, ley us examine the two types: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative risk analysis is the most popular and does not involve any numerical probabilities or predictions of loss. The qualitative method certainly does involve defining the various threats, determining the extent of vulnerabilities and devising countermeasures should an attack occur.Quantitative risk analysis atte mpts to numerically determine the probabilities of various adverse events to the likelihood of the losses if it is a particular event that takes place. Qualitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when you need to determine which risk are important enough to manage. On way is to identify the severity of the impact to the project in terms of high, medium, or low. Also when you want to estimate the probability of the risk occurring in terms of high, medium, or low.So getting a quick estimate, not so much as counting them, will help to gauge how the project is doing in the project life cycle. Quantitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when your objective is to calculate the numeric values for each component of the data gathered during the risk assessment and the cost benefit analysis. For example, the true value of each business asset in terms is estimated in terms of what it would cost to replace it, what it would cost in terms of lost productivity, what it would cost in term s of brand reputation, and other direct and indirect business values.The process requires the user to attempt to use the same objectivity when computing asset exposure, cost of controls, and all of the other values that are identified during the risk management process. (Information Network and Security, 2013) For the IRTC customer service system project, I think I will use both the qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods to some degree. Using the qualitative risk method will take into consideration the additional funds and resources needed as well as the extra hours it will take to complete the add-on to the project.The quantitative method will help manage the risk factor whether high, medium, or low to show the vendors, the project team and management what to tackle first. This will be especially helpful as the change request is going through appropriations. References Rouse, Margaret (2010). Definition Risk Analysis Retrieved on 19 March 2013, from www. searchmidmarket security. techtarget/com The Security Practitioner (2013). An Introduction to Information, Network and Security. Quantitative Risk Assessment. Retrieved on 20 March 2013, from www. security. practitioner. com

Evaluate the effectiveness of Internet marketing Essay

Given that the UK has fully embraced e-commerce and Internet shoppers now contribute more to the nation’s GDP than other country in the G20, it is perhaps unsurprising that it spawned one of the world’s leading online retailers – ASOS (As Seen On Screen). When launched in 2000, the website was aimed at providing consumers a tool to buy clothes and accessories that had been worn by celebrities, or otherwise items ‘As Seen on Screen’, but has since grown to a global online fashion store that has over 65,000 products that are targeted at the ‘20-somethings market’. ASOS ideal customer is a female, 20 year old, fashion-lover: an avid consumer and communicator who are inspired by celebrities and the media. ASOS aim to gain an increased understanding of their target customer so they can offer them the fashion they want, they do this by building an online relationship. ASOS ideal customer would have online, digital lives to ensure the instant access to information as ASOS is web-accessible on any device they happen to be using – mobile, tablet or laptop/PC. ASOS sells a wide range of brands to target different individuals. ASOS sell their own label and other world-renowned brands, and also give individuals and boutiques the chance to sell, new and pre-worn fashion, through their ASOS Marketplace channel. ASOS now has eight local language websites (UK, US, France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Australia, China and Russia) but also provides free shipping to 234 countries in total. Its website attracts 29.5 million unique visitors a month (excluding mobile) and has 14.8 million registered users. With the Group’s chief executive recently claiming that  £1 billion in annual sales are firmly in the company’s sights, ASOS is truly an online giant. How does ASOS use the Internet? ASOS use the Internet in a range of different ways to strive to gain the most from the company. As the company is online only, their main use of the Internet is through their own website. By using their website they can convey the company’s message, to inform existing and potential customers of the features and benefits of the company’s products and/or services. This enables the customers to browse through the products available and purchase them online at their own convenience. As customers of ASOS become part of the company by having their own personal accounts, ASOS can use direct  mailing when promoting new offers, products and services. They can also use direct mail to support customers when tracking orders placed online. ASOS can also use the Internet to promote the company through Search Engine Optimization (SEO). Search Engine Marketing (SEM), which is marketing a website online via search engines, either by improving the site’s ranking through search engine optimization (SEO), buying pay-per-click (PPC) ads or purchasing pay-for-inclusion (PFI) listings in website directories. By doing this, ASOS can use popular search engines such as, Google and Yahoo!, to sponsor any links of theirs, this instantly gives them a competitive advantage over competitors. ASOS can also use the Internet by advertising through banners etc. Social Media is another way ASOS can use the Internet. Social media marketing, this can involve social networks like Twitter, LinkedIn, and Facebook. ASOS can use these sites to gain customers and also enhance the popularity of the company. The products provided by ASOS target a range of customers with a wide array of high street and designer brands. These are all promoted alongside ASOS own brand to gain an increased recognition from potential customers. What are the benefits? By using the Internet, ASOS have been able to obtain a number of key benefits. The main key benefit for ASOS is the ability the Internet brings to provide a service to a wider target audience. The convenience of the store and the 24/7 access enables ASOS to obtain an increased amount of customers. By being an online store they can also target customers worldwide, which further expands their ever-growing target audience. Another benefit of using the Internet as a business is the ability to use direct marketing, via Email, text etc. ASOS are able to contact customers directly through their account information and they do this to inform them of the latest sales/promotions. This is a huge benefit for ASOS in terms of sustaining customers and it builds a customer/company relationship and increases the loyalty of the customers. What challenges did ASOS overcome? In order to excel to become one of the world’s leading online retailers, ASOS have had to overcome a number of challenges. The most substantial challenge,  which greatly impacted ASOS financially, was in the form of a warehouse fire in 2006. The warehouse fire caused 45% of stock with an overall profit of 3.8million to be lost; this incident saw a great downfall for the company. Unfortunately, the incident fell during December, which resulted in the loss of thousands of Christmas presents that had also been paid for by customers worldwide. Not only was this a financial issue this also hindered ASOS reputation and brand image due to the lack of trust and decreased loyalty from their customers. In the wake of the 9/11 and the collapse of the dot-com boom craze, ASOS shares were falling towards one of the worst market collapses for a generation. An instant decrease in share prices similarly caused a challenge for the business. ASOS also faced challenges with the lack of support from high-end, designer brands. To build the companies reputation, attracting larger fashion labels was crucial. By 2004, ASOS was selling stock from a number of prestigious brands; this greatly increased customers and therefore increased profits and popularity of the site. The brand image including the re-brand of the company from As Seen On Screen to ASOS, which was another vital decision ASOS had to make to suit customers demands and needs. By doing this they tailored their company to fit the desired needs of their customers, which succeeded in building the relationship between the company and the customers. After the incident of the warehouse fire, ASOS faced financial struggle and faced interim payments over 12 months to strive to put the business back on track. They thrived in doing this with a growth of 116% in 12 months – and revenues o f 42.6 million. Today, ASOS still faces challenges with issues such as, technical difficulties and securing payments online. How do they meet the customer needs? As a highly successful company, ASOS meet customer needs in a number of diverse ways. The website itself aims to meet customer needs by targeting their design and layout to appease customers. The website features a navigation bar, drop down menus, a help page and contact details for customers. When featuring a product on the site, ASOS offer customers with a wide range of colour and size options, catering for customers needs. The website also makes this easy for customers to find their desired product with the use of filters when browsing products. The website is also used to  promote sales and special offers for customers all year round. Recently ASOS have expanded their services by providing, ASOS VIP Premier (for just  £9.95 a year). This allows loyal customers to become a VIP member of the site with extra services such as unlimited next-day delivery, free returns and early access to sales. This is highlighted to enhance customers desire to shop with ASOS and also provides increased benefits when becoming a VIP ASOS customer. As well as the ability to become an ASOS VIP Premier customer, customers can join the website (free of charge) with their own personal account. This includes sharing personal details when ordering and tracking products. Due to security, some customers may see this as an off-putting aspect to ordering online. However, ASOS ensure security recognition, in the form of a verified icon, focuses that ASOS is a secure site. By becoming a member, customers are automatically placed on the direct mailing list. This allows ASOS to keep customers up to date with special offers and also help to sustain customers. As well as using their own site, ASOS also uses a variety of social networking sites to help their customers feel more connected to the business. This also enables them to be informed of any updates. ASOS also use popular search engines, such as Google and Yahoo! through sponsored link; this means that when users search ASOS, the page is automatically the first link to appear on screen. By using sponsored link this enables ASOS to gain recognition of customers and also makes it more convenient and easier for customers to find the page. To meet a wider customer audience, ASOS ensure their site is accessible to all, with the option of 8 different language and currency selections to suit a specific customer. This meets customer’s needs as it enhances ASOS target audience therefore generating an increased profit for the company. How don’t they meet the customer needs? Despite having a wide range of benefits that do meet ASOS’ customer needs; there are still a number of factors that hinder success for ASOS. Primarily, with ASOS being an online only business, there is no direct service for customers. Although the website provides an email service there is no direct service available for customers, which means customers can not ring the business or speak to an employee face to face. This may be a huge disadvantage to the ASOS, as they do not provide a particular service that  customers may feel is a must. The website itself, although fresh and tidy with its black and white colour scheme, when browsing the site customers may find the design to be boring and dull in comparison to an exciting and living shopping trip experience. This may hinder customer’s use of the site and result in a loss of customers and profit. As well as the design of the website, images of products featured on ASOS, may also deter customers desire to purchase from the website. Some of the images on the ASOS website are unreliable which makes it hard for customers to gain a realistic vision of what they are potentially purchasing. This could possibly be a disadvantage for ASOS as customers may face disappointment on the arrival of their purchase, as they do not have the ability to view the product in high detail before buying. When browsing ASOS, it can be highlighted that some of the pages show a different layout than others on the website. This could be seen as inconsistency within the website and give customers an unprofessional image of ASOS. Conclusion In conclusion, ASOS is effective in meeting the desired needs of its customers. The figures in 2007 of 42.6 million in comparison to the predicted turnover of  £1 billion expected by 2015 show the growth of the company in past years. This growth is down to the overall service providing by ASOS and use of the Internet. This is shown through benefits such as; navigation of the website, popularity through other sites, including search engines; direct mail and accessibility. Despite this, there are several drawbacks to using Internet market, which may prevent ASOS to strive to reach their fullest potential. Drawbacks within; overall customer service and inconsistency throughout the site, which may be seen as a huge disadvantage when using the website and may hinder the future growth of ASOS in the aspect of gaining and sustaining current and potential customers.

Company Promotion Policies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Company Promotion Policies - Research Paper Example Fron this essay it is clear that if we look at the argument from the company’s perspective, they believe that Maria is a good employee; however, she is loud and aggressive at time in her contact with co-workers and supervisors. Moreover, she has had punctuality issues twice in the past and she gives family problems as the causes. She says that her family needed her help and support and it was her duty to do so. With regard to the accent, it was also cleared out that it was not the company was discriminating her accent, although it was a major consideration. However, it was pointed out that Maria speaks very rapidly and because of her accent, it becomes impossible to understand anything she said. The company says that communication is a very important part of that job description and hence, it cannot be overlooked.This study highlights that  we need to first understand discrimination before we can provide any ruling regarding the company’s promotion policy. We can defi ne discrimination as the bias in treatment that exists towards a certain race, color, sex, nationality. Another explanation of discrimination can be the improper treatment based on unjustified factors. Racial discrimination occurs when a member of one racial group is treated favorably as compared to the member of another racial group. Discrimination in the workplace occurs when there is an unjustified hiring, promotion, job assignment, compensation, or termination of the job... We can define discrimination as the bias in treatment that exists towards a certain race, color, sex, nationality. Another explanation of discrimination can be the improper treatment based on unjustified factors. Racial discrimination occurs when a member of one racial group is treated favorably as compared to the member of another racial group. Discrimination in the workplace occurs when there is an unjustified hiring, promotion, job assignment, compensation, or termination of the job (Blank, Dabady, & Citro, 2004). The law that is most widely used by employees against discrimination is the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which states that, â€Å"to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; or (2) to limit, segregate, or classify his employees or appli cants for employment in any way which would deprive or tend to deprive any individual of employment opportunities or otherwise adversely affect his status as an employee, because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin† (Garcez, n.d.). The case at hand is that the company promoted another employee based on his evaluation and his aggressiveness for the job and another employee who is in racial minority in the company believes that there has been discrimination based on sex, race, and language ability. There were three major reasons that contributed towards Maria’s retention at her current post: her aggressive and loud behavior with her co-workers and supervisors, issues with punctuality, and her accent, which

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY- Final Peper Essay

INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY- Final Peper - Essay Example The members who got into the treaty hope to achieve a complete recovery of the ozone layer by the year 2050 (Benedick, 2007). c. Number of participants and the reasons for the level of participation. The protocol has managed to attract international co-operation exceptionally due to the widespread implementation as well as adoption of the treaty. The treaty has been ratified as perhaps one of the most successful agreements of international scale to date. The treaties that fall under the Montreal Protocol have successfully been ratified by the European Union as well as 197 other states. This therefore makes the protocol alongside the two ozone treaties involved the most ratified of all the treaties in United Nations history. Other participants in the treaty include the Cook Islands, Holy See alongside Niue. The protocol has its proceedings in major languages so that no one fells left out. The languages are French, English, Spanish, Russian, Chinese and Arabic. This is one of the major factors that contributed to the fact that many participants were attracted to the protocol. The other reason for such level of participation is the common goal that drives the desire to protect the earth from losing the all important ozone layer. The countries that went into the treaty, the latest entrants being South Sudan, all had the common purpose to work towards eliminating harmful substances and controlling emission of such substances that can greatly affect the ozone layer (Chasek, 2013). d. Compare the success of the Montreal Protocol to that of the Kyoto Protocol and address the reasons for any differences in terms of National Interests of those that elected to participate and those that have not. The differences witnessed between Kyoto protocol and the Montreal protocol is that the one in Montreal imposed on all countries strict restrictions from the start. That mostly differs from the mode of operation of the Kyoto protocol. The other difference that can be observed in t he two protocols is that strong incentives were created by the Montreal protocol with regards to participation and compliance if a country is to be part of the main agenda. Montreal also created a positive feedback system whereby each step aimed at reducing the depletion of the ozone layer as well as creating incentives whereby each country would feel involved in the process of decision making in regards to taking steps forward. This effort in the long run provided the participating countries with an avenue to place their trust on the efforts of fellow states and hence national interests in the Montreal protocol turned up to be higher than that of the Kyoto protocol (Dotto, 2006) 2. United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea. a. The issue of â€Å"Property Rights† as it relates to UNCOLS. This treaty arose from the third conference held by the United Nations that took place right between the years 1973 and 1982. The laws in this treaty tend to define responsibilities of countries on how they utilize the resources from the sea as well as the oceans of the world. The treaty laid basic guidelines for environmental conservation, conducting business alongside good use of marine resources found naturally. UNCLOS came into effect in the year 1994 after signing Guyana a year earlier. By October of 2012, the treaty enjoyed the company of 164 nations alongside the European Union. The UN is

Criminology ( Understanding crime) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminology ( Understanding crime) - Essay Example There are various resources of crimes that are used to do criminal activities within least time. This matter is in the observance of all citizens including investigation departments. So, people should be secure in this matter as they should adopt protection techniques to minimize the ratio of crime and victimization. In this paper, we are mentioning fear of crimes along with different approaches; these parameters should be realized to make social and professional life secure and safe. Realization of reasons of crimes is the cause of provision of justice to all humans without any intricacy. The use of practical sources in investigation strategy is exceedingly enjoyed on the grounds that this is an adept approach to figure out essential reasons of wrongdoings. Thus, a specialist ought to utilize most recent web and portable applications for increasing satisfactory data about truths and substances of that individual which is included in criminal exercises. This is demonstrated that current assets are making life simple and straightforward for all individuals. This effortlessness is connected with social and expert angles with no reservation and uncertainty. Along these lines, anybody can get data about any individual effortlessly in the present age. This is conceivable with the utilization of most recent innovative advancements that are open for all individuals. Likewise, agents can utilize these sources and they can make their investigation records fulfilled by req uirements for acquiring peace and mankind the general public. (Rolà ³n, 2014) This is additionally a favored path for those individuals who are entranced to accomplish their objectives with velocity and sensation in the social request. In the same way, practical sources are making investigation system simple in light of the fact that these arrangements are useful to track lawbreakers with sufficient spot and presence. Consequently, individuals like to utilize most

Economics, Quality and Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economics, Quality and Organisation - Essay Example A further stream of concepts such as total quality management (TQM), statistical process control, quality control, quality assurance, quality system and quality management will form the basis upon which manufacturing organization quality will be discussed to link firm’s success and achievement to attainment of an organization’s quality. Cost minimizing an output maximum remains the objectives of profit-oriented firms and this can only be achieved based on a good manufacturing organization. It is upon these bases that the paper lays its framework upon which a modern firm draws its competitive advantage by being efficiently organized. Consumer perception is a key in sales of any particular commodity, firm that are efficient in their organization will ensure a customer’s is nagged into buying through satisfaction of his perception of a commodity. A consumer post purchase evaluation determines his loyalty to the purchased brand and this will help a firm’s bran d sell since a satisfied customer will promote the firm’s product to his colleagues and relative at no pay. This was conducted by New Mexico Manufacturing Extension Partnership based on the analysis and review of the production process and the layout of the company’s production area. The researchers applied the Value Mapping Process and realized that ACs was able to rid out excess movement, materials and tooling which resulted to establishment of a greater streamlined commodity flow. The reported indicated a reduction in the company costs by 65% with its production being raised to 45 units from the initial 20 units per shift. Another remarkable benefit was a reduction in production facility size by 73% as well as scrap rates declined to 18% from the original figure of 24%. A research conducted by NC State University Industrial assessment Center and the NC state industrial Extension Service’s

Philosophy of mind Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Philosophy of mind - Essay Example Summary of Searle’s Claim Searle’s (1980) reply to the query: â€Å"Could a machine think?† is built on two propositions, which he stated as follows: â€Å"(1) Intentionality in human beings (and animals) is a product of causal features of the brain. (2) Instantiating a computer program is never by itself a sufficient condition of intentionality.† Searle explains that the strict logical consequence of his first two propositions is (3) the explanation that the manner by which the brain produces intentionality invalidates the claim that intentionality is also produced by instantiating a computer program. Hence, a computer program cannot produce intentionality. He furthers that the trivial consequence of his first proposition is (4) the need to possess causal powers similar with those of the brain to enable any mechanism to produce intentionality. Hence, a machine should have a human-like brain to be able to think. Lastly, he explains that what follows to his propositions 2 and 4 is the proposition (5) that any literal attempt to create intentionality through artificial way would fail to do so if it will only design programs like the AI; what it needs to succeed is to recreate the human brain’s causal powers. ... Hence proposition (1) can be stated as human beings have intentionality because they have the causal powers of the brain. This way of saying it is to state Searle’s argument in another way – that intentionality is the mental activity that human beings are capable of doing because of the causal powers of the human brain that they biologically possess; for a machine to think it must have intentionality which can only be possible through having the causal powers of the brain. Hence, not unless the machine has the causal powers of the brain similar to human beings, the machine could not think. Thus, to say that AI, as what functionalism and computationalism persistently assert, can fully think – with the understanding that thinking here has intentionality – is short of saying that AI can also be human beings – a claim that obviously Searle does not want to accept, rejecting every possibility that AI could think and consistently defending his position th at intentionality is a mental characteristic inherent to human beings. Actually, AI’s claim seems harmless, but perhaps Searle has perceived its dangerous implication that’s why he obstinately opposes it. Hence on his part, Searle simplifies his proposition (1) in a way that does not allow an AI to become capable of thinking: â€Å"†¦ certain brain processes are sufficient for intentionality† (p. 417). Searle’s way of simplifying his proposition (1) is to emphasize his point that intentionality requires necessary causal features of the brain that is far more than the information processing system that computationalism is so proud of or the formal symbol manipulation of functionalism, because these causal features of the brain are in fact

Change management and employee motivation strategies for a business Essay

Change management and employee motivation strategies for a business process reengineering cycle - Essay Example The company that is the subject of this research is   ABC Company, a world famous chain of automobile manufacturing company, which is operated in many of the countries. Now at this point of time, the operations are so expanded for the company that the management at the centralized hub feels to facilitate the individual continental operational units so that the whole network can work in a better way. The centralized system is good but the management of the variety of sale points can be more effective if the individual units have the authority. In order to facilitate the individual units of the continents, there is a need of business process re-engineering, which will hold at a larger level, thus affecting many of the areas and departments and the stakeholders including, employees, suppliers, dealers and the customers. The business process re-engineering in which the ABC Company will authorize its units in different continents; there is need of highly mechanized communication system between the individual units so that the network of all the units of the ABC Company can be effective. There will be many of the changes in the internal systems of the company, which will affect the employees’ performance. Therefore, it is highly recommended to facilitate the internal control system and the employees first so that they can be a part of the change, which the company management wants to implement. It will be very difficult for the company employees to adapt and adjust to the new and technological communication system but the training programs can develop them in positive ways. Here the training and the motivation of the employees is highly required. The re-distribution of data means that initially when the whole control of the ABC Company was centralized then the center of the employee data and the other knowledge databases was only in the main office. Now the individual units of the company will have to sort out their relevant files and then store the relevant data and knowledge at their own particular main and centralized office.

An analysis of GSK and the pharma industry Coursework

An analysis of GSK and the pharma industry - Coursework Example This is for the period of the last two years. For example, the share prices of GSK as of July 2014 were 1,568 pounds, and this was an increase of 4 pounds from the previous share prices of 1564 pounds in June (GSK.L Historical Prices, 2014). It is important to explain that its stock price between the periods of September 2013 to May 2014 was fluctuating in nature. For example, in September 2013, the closing share price of the company was 1,557 pounds, while in December 2013 the closing share prices were 1,611 (GSK.L Historical Prices, 2014). It is important to denote that during this period, the share prices of the company were on a steady increase. However, during the months of January and February 2014, there was a significant drop in the share prices of GSK, with the closing share of the company in January standing at 1, 564, and in February the stock price increased to 1671. These fluctuating share prices were experienced during the periods of March to July 2014 (GSK.L Historical Prices, 2014). It is important to denote that the share prices of GSK between July 2013 to July 2014 was a significant increase from the previous share prices of GSK between July 2012 to July 2013. For example, the closing share price of the company in the month of July 2012 was 1,468 pounds; on the other hand, the closing share price of the company in July 2013 was 1,684 (GSK.L Historical Prices, 2014). This is a significant increase of about 216 pounds. It is important to denote that during this period of July 2013 to July 2013, the share prices of the company traded at very low prices, with the lowest closing price being 1,334 pounds. This was t he closing share price of November 2012(GSK.L Historical Prices, 2014). This was partly because of the medical scandals that affected the company. Despite these scandals, the share prices of the company increased steadily during these two years of

Florida v. Jardines, 11-564 from the Supreme Court in March 2013 Research Paper

Florida v. Jardines, 11-564 from the Supreme Court in March 2013 - Research Paper Example nt amount of marijuana and evidence that he was a drug trafficker too, Jardines contested the warrant saying that it is was breach of the fourth amendment. Hence, rendering the raid, and the consequence (charges for possessing marijuana), null and void. The Supreme Court of Florida approved the decision of the trial court, holding that the evidence be suppressed as the officers had committed Fourth Amendment breach. They did not have a probable cause to search Jardines’ property (Florida v. Jardines, 2013). 5. Rationale: why did the court decide the case this way? Was there a decent? A concurring opinion? How many Justices voted with the majority? What were the reasons that different judges felt differently about parts of the case? The court is not a law machine set out to operate under given set of command. The law and courts operate to contribute towards a better society. The law is made to protect the citizen and not to harass them. The notion that no one should be held above the law needs to be practiced in such a way as decided the Supreme Court of Florida. The Fourth amendment upholds that the people have a right to be secure in their homes (Jardines v. State, 2011). The Fourth Amendment does not allow police or anyone to search someone’s property without probable cause. The term ‘search’ has been highlighted in the Fourth Amendment as when governments physically intrudes someone’s property (person, papers, houses or effects) it is a ‘search’ (Florida v. Jardines, 2013).. The citizens should consider home as safe from unreasonable investigations. If this sense of security is not provided to the citizens then the society will always feel vulnerable and under pressure of the government. The officers that searched Jardines’ house did not ‘see’ anything with their own eyes before entering his premises. There was apparently no suspicious activity around or in his house. Had the officers seen something then it would have been a reasonable

History of Federation of Malaya Essay Example for Free

History of Federation of Malaya Essay The Federation of Malaya (Malay: Persekutuan Tanah Melayu) is the name given to a federation of 11 states (nine Malay states and two of the British Straits Settlements, Penang and Malacca) that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957. It was reconstituted as Malaysia with the addition in 1963 of Singapore, Sabah, and Sarawak. History After World War 2, the British came again to Malaya and Britain suggested the formation of the Malayan Union. Malayan Union not only took away the power of the Malays over their nation, but also the rights that belong to the Malays. Then, the people of Malayan Union started to realise that their country has to be ruled by their own people and not to be ruled by other people of other nations. Due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states in 1st of February 1948. The British government and Malaya leaders signing the agreement of establishing Federation of Malaya at King’s House, Kuala Lumpur. Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with Malaya. The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957. In 1963, the Federation was reconstituted as Malaysia when it federated with the British territories of Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo (renamed Sabah); the latter territory was claimed to be a part of the Sultanate of Sulu. Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on 9 August 1965. Agreement of Federation The Federation of Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946. At the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page Blue Book. The Federation of Malaya Agreement was signed on 21 January 1948 at King House by the Malay rulers, and by Sir Edward Gent as the representative of the British government. The Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored. As with the Malayan Union, the Federation excluded Singapore, despite its traditional links to Malaya. List of member states * Johore * Kedah * Kelantan * Malacca * Negeri Sembilan * Pahang * Penang * Perak * Perlis * Selangor * Terengganu System of Government The government of the Federation of Malaya was headed by a British High Commissioner with executive powers, assisted and advised by the Federation of Malaya Executive Council and the Federation of Malaya Legislative Council. * The Federation of Malaya Executive Council comprised 7 official and 7 unofficial members. The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council comprised the High Commissioner as the Council President, 14 official and 50 unofficial members representing the Straits Settlements, business groups and all races. Additionally, 9 State Council Yang Di Pertua (heads of state), Chief Ministers and 2 representatives from the Straits Settlements became unofficial members. * The Malay Conference of Rulers would advise the High Commissioner on immigration issues. The British Resident was replaced with a Chief Minister in each state of the federation. Conditions of citizenship The conditions of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya were further tightened using law enforcement and naturalization by application. Under the laws, the following were automatically granted citizenship: 1. Citizens of the Sultan of any state 2. British citizens born in Penang or Malacca who have lived continuously for 15 years in the federation 3. British citizens born in the federation whose fathers were born or lived continuously for 15 years in the federation 4. Anyone born in the federation, conversant in the Malay language and following Malay traditions in his or her daily life 5. Anyone born in the federation whose parents were born and lived continuously for 15 years in the federation Via naturalization (by application), one could achieve citizenship, given these criteria: 1. Born and lived for at least 8 of 12 years in the Federation of Malaya before the application was made 2. Lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 of 20 years before the application was made In both cases (via naturalization), applications must be well-behaved, swear allegiance and clarify their reasons for living in the federation, and are fluent in either the Malay or the English language. The Federation of Malaya, through its constitution, guarantees the rights and special position of the Malay people as well as rights, powers and sovereignty of the Malay rulers in their respective states. Separation of powers of the federal and state governments The federation agreement Perjanjian Persekutuan set the powers of the federal and state governments. Financial matters must be handled by the respective states. The Sultan was given full power on religious issues and Malay customs. Foreign policy and defense continued to be administered by the British government.

Explaining exceptions to Dollo’s Law

Explaining exceptions to Dollo’s Law Explaining exceptions to Dollo’s Law a review of the concepts of constraint and contingency. In 1890 Louis Dollo a Belgian palaeontologist, came up with the theory that evolution is irreversible, expanding on the work of Edgar Quinet, a historian who had first pondered this theory (Chopra Rogers, 2013) . Thus explaining that the constraint of evolution that it is irreversible and if certain traits are lost this effects the contingency of evolution, thus past changes having an effect on the present and future of the species, this could by chance may or may not have an effect on the re-evolution of certain traits. The theory states that evolution is irreversible because of the structures and functions lost in the line of evolution cannot return in the lineages that they were once lost in e.g tails in our monkey like ancestors. This therefore suggests that genes formally required to code for adaptive traits during selection pressures will become non-functional when selection pressure is low or non-existent (Marshall, et al., 1994). The repercussions of this are that any trait coded by these genes will be lost forever and cannot ever occur again in the same lineage according to Dollo’s law (Marshall, et al., 1994). In recent times many papers have been published that have disputed this law. There has been some work done on seeing if the constraints of evolution hinder further adaptation and whether this can either facilitate or hinder the re-emergence of the original/ancestral trait (Yedid et al. 2008). This essay will look at some of the cases where this law potentially does not apply and discuss how relevant Dollo’s law is in biology, and if it is relevant at which point does the law either become to ambiguous or too specific. We will discuss Dollo’s law at two different bases; the Genetic and Morphological. Under Dollo’s law the genetic basis of this is that if a gene is lost due to natural selection and bred out of a population, the trait coded by the gene is lost and cannot be regained in the same lineage over evolutionary time. A Study to test the genetics of Dollo’s law was tested on the genome coding for the sex combs in Drosophila bipectinata and its close relative Drosophila malerkotliana (Seher, et al., 2012). The study found that some the genes that code for sex comb may alter the structures dramatically (even in a single inversion) and some that had multiple inversions of the chromosomal structure which had no difference in the sex comb morphology. They then suggested that Dollo’s law should follow molecular pathways rather than just the genes that code for them. This is due to many genes being regulatory genes, which can sometimes when activated; open up many pathways to code for different cellular processes. This can then have an effect in gene expressio n and therefore a trait previously lost in evolutionary time is now being expressed due to these â€Å"nexus† regulatory genes (Seher, et al., 2012). The can be demonstrated in another experiment where mouse inductive signals that gave rise to stem cells providing teeth, where cultured with graphs of chick oral dermis. The result found that the Chicks oral tissue actually started to form enamel organs and even in some case small malformed teeth (Marshall, et al., 1994). In a review published by Bull Charnov it says that In relation to irreversibility there are two generalisation from there analysis. 1) â€Å"selection of intermediate phenotypes is critical to evolutionary transitions whenever the two phenotypes are so different that multiple mutations are required to change from one to another† (Bull Charnov, 1985) , and 2) â€Å"a second principle common to several examples is that the genome may progressively accommodate a character state the loner it is maintaine d† (Bull Charnov, 1985). These two generalities the summary was that irreversible evolution is founded on the dependence of the biological details of the system, with some more general rules that apply at a much less focused level. The constraints with looking at the genetic level are that we are looking literally â€Å"under the microscope† and it is fine picking each detail of gene selection and deletion and applying this to Dollo’s law. But as said before genes can take many pathways due to nexes regulatory genes, so who is to say that a feature i.e. eyes lost in a cave fish (speaking hypothetically) came back in a recent form but using different genes to cause the eye. Is this against Dollo’s law? Or because of the different genetic pathway it is just a natural progression in evolution. Using morphology as a basis with regards to Dollo’s law it states that any morphological trait that is lost in a lineage cannot ever be re-expressed for example the hind legs in cetaceans. We cannot talk about morphological exceptions to Dollo’s rule without mentioning Atavism. Atavism by definition is a revision/reappearance to an ancestral characteristic previously lost in the evolutionary pathway (Biology-online, 2012). Atavisms arise normally due to a gene recombination or a gene mutation that enables a previous trait to be expressed (Hall, 2010). Hind leg extension in vertebrates has been well documented. In a study by Bejder Hall, they mention atavisms and the development of limb bud in cetaceans, snakes and legless lizards (Bejder Hall, 2002). They aren’t as rare as one might think this is due to all these animal species having being evolved from limbed ancestors, and as previously mentioned that genes can code for a multiple of different functions. Atav isms in whales normally occur in the rudiments of the pelvic girdle, the best case of this has been found in sperm and blue whales. The incident rate of atavisms in adult sperm whales is about 1:5000 (Bejder Hall, 2002). In the Individuals found the atavisms skeletal processes are found to be almost complete, even both hind limb have been found in a female humpback whale when normally present is cartilaginous femur (Bejder Hall, 2002). Because these vestigial limbs actually have no function can these actually be considered against Dollo’s law? Or because that previously forgotten traits are being expressed does that counter Dollo’s law? Another morphological feature that contracts Dollo’s is re-evolution of shell coiling in gastropods (Collin Cipriani, 2003). The trait was thought to have died out around 10mya but a study has shown that It can be re-evolved using the same genes that gastropods has at that time. There are two hypothesis put forward by this ide a; either that genes that signal for shell coiling have a number of function have been kept in there entirety, or that Trochita has developed a new pathway to gain the coiling trait completely different to its ancestor (Collin Cipriani, 2003). There has been evidence to support the second theory due to the coiling being superficially different to other gastropod species (Collin Cipriani, 2003). Finally an example that is a little closer to home is that there is new evidence of muscle reversions in the primate phylogeny. There have been 220 character state changes that are optimised in the parsimonious 28 of there have been evolutionary reversions, 6 of these have through evolution have contributed to human musculature and 9 of these have directly gone against Dollo’s law (Diogo Wood, 2012). The one particular case of violating of Dollo’s law for muscle reversion is in the subtribe hominina. In this case both the rhomboideus major and rhomboideus minor muscle are fou nd in an ancestral clade. This was then lost and the Rhomboidus muscles became the more distinct muscle in the Cercopithecinae, the ancestral muscle formation then has re-appeared in the Hominina there by going against Dollo’s law (Diogo Wood, 2012). this constant muscle evolution and re evolution causing the muscle to constantly re configure in primate to truly go against Dollo’s law at both eh morphological and genetic level there must be the same genetic pathways and selection pressures present to make this change a selective and adaptive advantage to truly call this change re-evolution. In summary to this review all of the studies all show great strengths and flaws with the methods and rules abided by in Dollo’s law. Constraints and contingency way heavily on if Dollo’s law is applied, because pathways may be constrained but if they actually help the re evolution of a trait there still may not be a selection pressure for these and this does not apply with the constraints of evolution, there-fore if there is no selection to me it feels like a random mutation with no beneficial attributes to the animal’s evolution. Law I feel is a strong word to use because with law there needs to be the same degree of lenience with this. This is due to papers on the genetic level saying that if the same pathways are used this means that this is against Dollo’s law, but if the same trait appears again but using a different pathway this does not, even if the new trait is a functional advantage. I believe the only way that a species can truly re-evolve traits is that the trait that has been re-evolved needs to be on a functional basis. The functional basis is that under Dollo’s law even if a limb has arisen That limb would need to be functional i.e. have a selection pressure causing this to be an advantage evolutionally. This is the only way that I can see of being able to out rightly say if something is against Dollo’s law. Word count: 1565 References : Bejder, L. Hall, B., 2002. Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss. Evolution Development, 4(6), pp. 445-458. Biology-Online 2014. Atavism definition from Biology-Online.org. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Atavism. [Accessed 27 February 2014]. Bull, J. Charnov, E., 1985. On Irreversible Evolution. Evolution, 39(5), pp. 1149-1155. Chopra, S. Rogers, K., 2013. Dollos law (biology) Encyclopedpia Britanica. [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/168293/Dollos-law [Accessed 24 febuary 2014]. Collin, R. Cipriani, R., 2003. Dollos Law and the re-evolution of shell coiling. Proceeding of the royal society of biological sciences, pp. 2551-2555. Diogo, R. Wood, B., 2012. Violation of Dollos Law: Evidence of muscle reversions in primate phylogeny and their implications for understanding iof ther intigeny evolution, and anatomical variations of modern humans. Evolution, 66(10), pp. 3267-3276. Hall, B., 2010. Atavisms. [Online] Available at: yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.elementaab2/main.pdf [Accessed 27 02 2014]. Marshall, C., Raff, E. Raff, R., 1994. Dollos law and the death and resurrection of genes. Proceeding Of The Natural Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America, Volume 91, pp. 12283-12287. Seher, T. et al., 2012. Genetic Basis of a Violation of Dollo’s Law: Re-Evolution of Rotating Sex Combs. Genetics, 192(2), pp. 1465-1475. Yedid, G., C. A. Ofria, and R. E. Lenski., 2008. â€Å"Historical and Contingent Factors Affect Re-Evolution of a Complex Feature Lost during Mass Extinction in Communities of Digital Organisms.† Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21, no 5. pp 1335-1357.

Inverse Matrix Condition Number

Inverse Matrix Condition Number Inverse Matrix and Condition No. Saswati Rakshit Contents (Jump to) Aim Scope/Applications Introduction/Basics Objective System Flow Mathematics Figure/Descriptions Future Works References Aim: Consider 2 random matrices B and C of size 8Ãâ€"8 and write a cpgm / matlab to find A to satisfy the bellow condition: If AÃâ€"B = C Prove A = CÃâ€"B-1 And repeat the pgm for matrix of size 32Ãâ€"32 and 128Ãâ€"128. Scope/Application: In many applications we require inversion of matrix. In Linear Algebra, if AÃâ€"B=C, and from B and C we can compute A where A=CÃâ€"B-1. Stimulus-Response Computations In this framework, a system is provided with an input, called a  stimulus, and the resulting response of the system is measured. Some typical examples of stimuli are visual scenes i.e. if we increase incident light’s intensity then scene’s brightness will increase. The general goal is to find a  function  that accurately describes the relation between stimulus and response. Many systems can be modeled as a linear combination of equations, and thus written as a matrix equation: [Interactions]{response}= {stimuli} The system response can thus be found using the matrix inverse. Sometimes in image processing application if we have noisy image matrix and if we know what the noise matrix was added we can find the clear image by multiplying noisy image matrix with inverted noise matrix. Intro/Basics: We have considered two 8Ãâ€"8 matrices B and C. We suppose AÃâ€"B = C. Now by performing matrix multiplication on A and B we get C. Now we have to compute A from B and C. So AÃâ€"B = C and we have to proof A = CÃâ€"B-1. It is conceptually easy to compute AÃâ€"B = C and to find A = CB-1 for 2 dimensional matrices. But for large dimensional matrices it is not possible to easily compute because there is some round off errors in A which is the result of B-1 related to B’s condition number. Thecondition numberof a function with respect to an argument measures how much the output value of the function can change for a small change in the input argument. The condition number of a regular (square) matrix is the product of the norm of the matrix and the norm of its inverse and hence depends on the kind of matrix-norm. Condition number of a square nonsingular (invertible) matrix A is defined by: cond () = |||| ·|||| where the || ·|| above could be any of the norms defined for matrices. The numerical value of the condition number of an nÃâ€"n matrix depends on the particular norm used .The norm of a square matrix A is a non-negative real number denoted by ||A||. These matrix norms have the following properties: 1. ||A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ° if A ≠  0 2. ||à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| for any scalar value à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼B|| ≠¤ à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼B||à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼AB|| ≠¤ à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| ·Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼B||à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚   à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ µÃƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ax|| ≠¤ à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼A|| ·Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼||à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  for any vector The norm of a matrix is a measure of how large its elements are. It is a way of determining the â€Å"size† of a matrix that is not necessarily related to how many rows or columns the matrix has. Three commonly used norms are: 1. The 1-norm: = This is the maximum absolute column sum where simply we sum the absolute values down each column and then take the biggest answer. 2. The inifinity-norm: = This is the maximum absolute row sum where simply we sum the absolute values along each row and then take the biggest answer. 3. The Euclidean norm: = This is the square root of the sum of all the squares. However, regardless of the norm, this condition number is always greater or equal to 1. If it is close to one, the matrix is well conditioned which means its inverse can be computed with good accuracy. If the condition number is large, then the matrix is said to be ill-conditioned. Practically, such a matrix is almost singular (not invertible), and the computation of its inverse or solution of a linear system of equations is prone to large numerical errors. A matrix that is not invertible has the condition number equal to infinity. Mathematically, if the condition number is less than ∞, the matrix is invertible. Numerically, there are roundoff errors which occur. A high condition number means that the matrix is almost non-invertible. The higher the condition number, the greater is the error in the calculation. This condition number helps to estimate how difficult a matrix will be to numerically invert. This condition number has certain properties: 1. For any matrix A, cond (A) ≠¥Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  1 2. For identity matrix, cond (I) = 1 3. For any matrix A and scalar à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §, cond à ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ §Ãƒ ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  A) = cond (A) 4. For any diagonal matrix D = Diag(di), cond (D) = (max |di|)/(min|di|) A matrix A is ill-conditioned if relatively small changes in the input (in the matrix A) can cause large change in the output (the solution of Ax = b), i.e. the solution is not very accurate if input is rounded. Otherwise it is well-conditioned. If a matrix is ill-conditioned, then a small roundoff error can have a drastic effect on the output. However, if the matrix is well-conditioned, then the computerized solution is quite accurate. Thus the accuracy of the solution depends on the conditioning number of the matrix. Objective: To know how to determine the matrix inverse in an efficient manner. If AÃâ€"B=C and we have to prove A=CÃâ€"B-1 where A, B and C are nÃâ€"n matrices (n = 8, 32, 128) and find out the condition number of matrix using norms and finding accuracy. System flow: Steps performed: 1. Taking two matrices B and C of order 8Ãâ€"8. 2. Performing Matrix multiplication and result is stored in matrix A (performed using C Code) 3. Now calculate B-1 (performed using C Code) 4. Now again multiplying C and B-1. We get result matrix which is not accurate. 5. We need to calculate norms and condition number of a matrix (B) so we need to find norms of B and B-1. We can calculate norms in different way. Here we have used most popularly used 3 types of norms to calculate condition number of that matrix (B) which we need to get in inverse form. The norms are: 1-norm = Infinity-norm = iii) Euclidean norm = 6. Now we use norms to find condition number of matrix B by using formula cond (B) = |||| ·|||| Flow Diagram yes no Math For 22 Matrix First we consider a 22 matrix such that A= B= So by multiplying A and B we ge a 22 matrix C = Now We need to prove A=CB-1 So we need to find B-1 B-1 = 0.800 -0.200 -0.600 0.400 So now by doing CxB-1 = =A (proved) Before finding B-1 we can calculate condition number of B for the correctness of above proof, As we know cond (B) = |||| ·|||| Condition number using the 1-norm and inifinity-norm: Formula used Row Sum taking absolute values B = 2 13 3 47 Column sum 5 5 (taking absolute values) (max) Row sum B-1 = 0.800 -0.200 1.000 -0.600 0.400 1.000 Col Sum 1.4 .6 Applying 1-Norm = = maximum absolute column sum = 5, 1 = 1.4, So, cond1 (B) =  ·1 = 5Ãâ€"1.4= 7 Applying infinity-norm = = max absolute row sum = 7, ∞ = 1 So, cond∞ (B) =  ·Ã¢Ë†Å¾ = 7 Like this way we have also found condition number using the Euclidean norm which is = =5.47 = 1.095 CondE (B) =  ·E = 5.82 Here cond(B) is low in all cases.so we successfully get A =C. Because of low condition number of B,the inverse of B is acceptable. For 88 Matrix A = 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 B= 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 C=AÃâ€"B=27 30 28 52 27 37 28 20 35 38 42 64 35 46 35 27 42 35 41 59 37 43 31 27 29 29 32 49 28 37 27 22 34 30 35 50 32 39 28 25 22 24 24 41 21 29 22 17 23 25 22 39 22 30 20 15 34 33 30 53 32 40 28 23 B-1= -0.016 -0.429 0.063 0.524 0.063 -0.397 -0.222 0.587 -0.365 0.143 -0.540 0.048 0.460 -0.127 -0.111 0.508 0.095 0.071 -0.381 -0.143 0.119 0.381 -0.167 -0.024 0.270 -0.214 0.921 -0.905 -0.579 0.746 0.278 -0.484 0.206 0.571 0.175 -0.810 0.175 0.159 -0.111 -0.635 0.079 0.143 -0.317 0.381 -0.317 -0.016 0.111 0.063 -0.571 0.071 -0.714 1.857 0.786 -1.286 -0.500 0.643 0.159 -0.214 0.365 -0.238 -0.135 -0.032 0.722 -0.373 A=CÃâ€"B-1 =0.995 1.983 3.029 3.987 1.029 1.984 2.006 0.979 1.992 2.975 1.035 3.983 3.035 3.980 2.005 0.972 3.989 0.971 3.029 1.984 3.029 2.981 1.006 1.970 1.993 1.980 1.027 3.987 2.027 1.984 2.004 0.977 2.991 1.976 1.027 3.986 3.027 0.983 2.004 0.974 0.996 0.986 2.022 2.990 1.022 1.987 2.004 0.983 0.994 1.986 1.021 1.991 1.021 1.988 1.005 1.982 1.992 1.979 3.028 2.987 2.028 0.983 2.007 1.975 Relative Error for A11=(1-.995)=.005,A12= 0.017 and so on When we perform CÃâ€" B-1, we do not get original value of A because of B-1. If B-1 is not accurate we will not get accurate A. To get accuracy of A-1 we need to find condition number of B. As we know cond (B) = |||| ·|||| Condition number using the 1-norm and inifinity-norm: Formula used Row Sum taking absolute values B = 4 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 19 2 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 20 (max) 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 1 16 1 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 13 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 18 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 1 16 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 12 3 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 17 Column sum 16 16 15 25 16 19 13 11 (taking absolute values) (max) B-1 = For B-1, Row sum (max) taking absolute values = 6.428 (7th row) and column sum(max) taking absolute values = 4.906 (4th column) Applying 1-Norm = = maximum absolute column sum = 25, 1 = 4.906, So, cond1 (B) =  ·1 = 25Ãâ€"4.906 = 122.65 Applying infinity-norm = = max absolute row sum = 20, ∞ = 6.428 So, cond∞ (B) =  ·Ã¢Ë†Å¾ = 20Ãâ€"6.428 = 128.56. Like this way we have also found condition number using the Euclidean norm which is = 17.83. So here we can say that as the condition number of matrix B is high for all three cases, therefore the inverse of this matrix is showing numerical roundoff errors. Concept of Relative Error and Condition Number assume A is nonsingular and Ax = b if we change b to b + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b, the new solution is x + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x with A(x + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x) = b + à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b the change in x is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x = A-1à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b ‘condition’ of the solution †¢ the equations are well-conditioned if small à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b results in small à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x †¢ the equations are ill-conditioned if small à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b can result in large à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  x [Singular matrix:A square matrix is called singular matrix if it’s determinant is zero.i.e. a singular matrix is not invertible] Example: Consider the linear system Ax = b with So = So here we easily find x= Now ,we change a small in b.let change in b is à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  b= So changed value= and solving the system A = we get =A= where x= changed to = due to small change in b. Now to calculate least condition number of the system we need to find Relative Error in the output and relative error in the input. Here we have relative error in the input/relative residual. = 0.01 Relative Error in the output =1 As we know, If condition number is closed to 1 then relative error and relative residual will be close. The condition number is defined by: Relative error in the output =Condition number Ãâ€" Relative error in the input. So,condition number= 1/.01=100 A matrix has high condition number is related to the fact that A is close to the singular matrix B= The following result shows that 1/cond(A) indicates how close A is to a singular matrix.Here cond(A) is 100 so, 1/cond(A)=.01 which is close enough. Description: The condition number associated with the  linear equation  Ax=bgives a bound on how inaccurate the solutionxwill be after approximation. This is before the effects of  round-off error  are taken into account; conditioning is a property of the matrix. Weshould think of the condition number as being the rate at which the solution,x, will change with respect to a change inb. Thus, if the condition number is large, even a small error inbmay cause a large error inx. On the other hand, if the condition number is small then the error inxwill not be much bigger than the error inb. The condition number may also be infinite, but this implies that the problem does not possess a unique, well-defined solution for each choice of data that is, the matrix is not invertible, and no algorithm can be expected to reliably find a solution. For large dimensional matrix such as for 3232 and 128128, the condition number is high and so inverse of that large dimensional matrix will give much error in output. Codes and Output Matrix multiplication int main() { int m, n, p, q, c, d, k, sum = 0; int A[10][10], B[10][10], C[10][10]; printf(Enter rows and columns of An); scanf(%d%d, m, n); printf(Enter the elements of An); for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d scanf(%d, A[c][d]); printf(Enter rows and columns of Bn); scanf(%d%d, p, q); printf(Enter the elements of Bn); for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d scanf(%d, B[c][d]); for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d for (k = 0; k sum = sum + A[c][k]*B[k][d]; } C[c][d] = sum; sum = 0; } } for (c = 0; c for (d = 0; d printf(%dt, C[c][d]); printf(n); } getch(); } Matrix inverse #include #include int main() { float a[10][10],b[10][10],tem=0,temp=0,temp1=0,temp2=0,temp4=0,temp5=0; int n=0,m=0,i=0,j=0,p=0,q=0; printf(Enter size of 2d array(Square matrix) : ); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0;i { for(j=0;j { printf(Enter element no. %d %d :,i,j); scanf(%f,a[i][j]); if(i==j) b[i][j]=1; else b[i][j]=0; } } for(i=0;i { temp=a[i][i]; if(temp temp=temp*(-1); p=i; for(j=i+1;j { if(a[j][i] tem=a[j][i]*(-1); else tem=a[j][i]; if(temp temp=temp*(-1); if(tem>temp) { p=j; temp=a[j][i]; } } //row exchange in both the matrix for(j=0;j { temp1=a[i][j]; a[i][j]=a[p][j]; a[p][j]=temp1; temp2=b[i][j]; b[i][j]=b[p][j]; b[p][j]=temp2; } //dividing the row by a[i][i] temp4=a[i][i]; for(j=0;j { a[i][j]=(float)a[i][j]/temp4; b[i][j]=(float)b[i][j]/temp4; } //making other elements 0 in order to make the matrix a[][] an indentity matrix and obtaining a inverse b[][] matrix for(q=0;q { if(q==i) continue; temp5=a[q][i]; for(j=0;j { a[q][j]=a[q][j]-(temp5*a[i][j]); b[q][j]=b[q][j]-(temp5*b[i][j]); } } } printf(nnn); printf(Inverse of the matrix using Guass jordan elimination method:nn); for(i=0;i { for(j=0;j { printf(%.3f,b[i][j]); } printf(n); } getch(); } Matrix Condition Number #include #include int main() { int i,j,n,p,x=0,m=0,q,z=0,i1,j1; float Cond_A,poo,a[5][5],b[5],c[5],A[50][50],B[50][50],k[50],l[50]; printf(n n); printf(Program to find condition number of a matrix using infinity-norm); printf(n nn); printf(Enter rows and columns of An); scanf(%d%d, m, n); printf(Enter the elements of An); for (i = 0; i for (j = 0; j scanf(%f, A[i][j]); for(i=0;i { b[x]=0;c[x]=0; for(j=0;j { b[x]=b[x]+A[i][j]; } ++x; } for(i=0;i //FINDING LARGEST { if(b[i]>m) m=b[i]; } printf(largest row sum is %d,m); printf(nnEnter rows and columns of inv[A]n); scanf(%d%d, p, q); printf(Enter the elements of [A]n); for (i1 = 0; i1 for (j1 = 0; j1 scanf(%f, B[i1][j1]); for(i1=0;i1 { k[z]=0;l[z]=0; for(j1=0;j1 { k[z]=k[z]+B[i1][j1]; } ++z; } poo = k[0]; for(i1=1;i1 //FINDING LARGEST { if(k[i1]>poo) poo=k[i1]; } printf(largest row sum is %f,poo); Cond_A=m*poo; printf(nnCondition number of A is %f,Cond_A); //return 0; getch(); } Future works: If we work with a foggy image matrix(C) and we know the fog matrix(B) added to that image and the relation AÃâ€"B = C exist we will know whether it is possible to get the clear image matrix(A) by doing CÃâ€"B-1 calculating condition number of matrix B. If the condition number of matrix B is high then it is not possible to get accurate A from CÃâ€"B-1 as roundoff errors will increase. References: Matrix Inverse and Condition, Berlin Chen, Department of Computer Science Information Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University. Inversion error, condition number, and approximate inverses of uncertain matrices,  Laurent El Ghaoui, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,  University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. faculty.nps.edu/rgera/MA3042/2009/ch7.4.pdf www.rejonesconsulting.com/CS210_lect07.pdf http://teal.gmu.edu/ececourses/ece699/notes/note4.html Weisstein, Eric W. Matrix Norm. From MathWorldA Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/MatrixNorm.html

Was Christianity the key to the downfall of the Vikings :: Essays Papers

Was Christianity the key to the downfall of the Vikings When I think of the words that describes Vikings I would think of barbaric, having no mercy, and great explorers. Words that describe a Christian to me are trustworthy, considerate, helpful, and peaceful. The descriptions of words I described for Viking and Christians have basically opposite meanings. So as Christianity was implemented on the Vikings they became more civilized. The process of conversion of Christianity happened slowly. (? Book has two authors for the book and then two different authors for this story?)(Roesdahl and Wilson 187). The strength of the Viking was having no fear of death also no right or wrong with the way death was committed. The Bible was began to be followed at the end of the Viking era.(The total structure of this sentence is messed up.) I wonder how much Christianity affected the downfall of the Viking’s, below I did some research on the topic. The Viking era existed from 800 BC to 1200 BC (â€Å"From Viking to Crusader†). (This is supposed to be cited with the author name and page in brackets.) The Vikings have three main religions throughout there period of existence. Each of the religions affected the character of the Vikings in a big way. Polytheism was the belief the Vikings had in the beginning of there existence. Paganism and Christianity came towards the end of the Viking era. Christianity arrived during the 10th and 11th BC (â€Å"The Viking to Crusader†). Polytheism was the most heavily practiced religion the Vikings had. The main god of the Vikings was Odin who was the god of war wisdom and poetry (â€Å"Viking Fury†). There isn’t much documentation from history about Odin and other gods of the Vikings. Odin was mirrored by the Vikings to be a great warrior, and be poets. Vikings felt it was an honor to die in battle because Odin would be grateful (â€Å"Viking Fury†). Paganism was another religion of the Vikings. Through the writing on Rune Stones Viking women appeared to have followed paganism before the Viking men did.(The Viking woman are thought to have mixed views on Nordic Paganism since they were looked down upon according to some researcher other researchers said that Viking men followed paganism first. Since the belief of who followed paganism in the Viking culture first, men or woman is highly debatable among researchers I left this out.

Thoreau and Transcendentalism Essay -- Civil Disobedience, Transcenden

Followers of the Transcendentalist movement stressed the religious, philosophical and ideological importance of life. Henry David Thoreau was a staunch supporter of the movement. Thoreau felt that a person lived a good life by following his conscience and instincts. He also felt that materialism was a sure way to distract a person from leading a good and moral life. Thoreau proposed for the government to be involved in as little of a citizen's life as possible; he felt too much government control just complicated a person's life. Like most Transcendentalists, Thoreau believed there was a direct connection to God through nature. If a person appreciated nature he would gain a higher understanding of God. Finally, Thoreau encouraged individuality versus conformity to the status quo. Thoreau challenged his readers to experience nature first hand; he felt to truly experience nature was a way of experiencing God and marveled at the happiness it can bring. In his novel Walden he writes of the happiness and contentment he feels while listening to the birds in the chapter titled "Sounds." His happiness is short-lived when it is interrupted by the sound of a train driving through the countryside. The reader gathers that, like many Transcendentalists, Thoreau is against the Industrial Revolution taking place in America. He felt this industrialization would poison nature and complicate life even more than it already was. The poisoning of nature would effect the connection a person could have with God as well. Thoreau wrote about living a simple and uncomplicated life in Walden. He argues against the things that mark status in American society, owning land, dressing in fashion, and earning a high pay. Thoreau reasoned th... ...be content with just being average. He states that each person who explores themselves will be individual from one another. Each person should be concerned with only his business and motivations. Individuality was important to Thoreau. He had no concerns of what other people thought about his actions or ways of living and felt this made his life less complicated and simpler to concentrate on more important things. Thoreau was truly a Transcendentalist. He focused on the individual and the relationship he has with himself, nature, and God. He felt living simply and plainly would free him to gain a greater understanding of the world around him. Understanding of the world around you could only come after gaining a greater understanding of yourself. Once a person let get of the constraints of society were they free to begin to explore themselves and the world.

Society’s Favor for Mental Labor :: Scientific Sciences Labor Work Essays

Society’s Favor for Mental Labor A claim is a statement made to influence others to accept a certain point of view. In her essay "Science, Facts, and Feminism," Ruth Hubbard presents various claims criticizing the way scientific epistemology works as a separate, exclusive entity. Hubbard’s claims suggest that the way society perceives and values science ought to be reevaluated. I agree strongly with two of her claims. One of these claims states that "this society values mental labor more highly than manual labor" (121). This claim is fairly straightforward in meaning; it says that the Western culture places a higher priority on mental labor than manual labor. In the Western culture, positions which require completion of stringent educational requirements rank higher in status, both in terms of respect and monetary rewards, than those which require physical work. In America people working in mental occupations are often paid higher salaries than those working in manual positions. The number of letters following one’s name that indicate educational achievement often dictates the amount of respect he or she receives. People sometimes look down upon jobs requiring intense physical labor. The people who see mental labor as superior sometimes cite the fact that anyone could work outside all day in the sun, but it takes an educated professional to work in a laboratory. This outlook exemplifies the value society places on mental work. While I agree with Hubbard’s claim, it is a bit naà ¯ve in assuming that every occupation is either all manual or mental. While most jobs are viewed by society as wholly manual or mental occupations, manual occupations cross over into mental occupations (and vice versa) every day. Farmers, for instance, must have knowledge in the areas of business, biology, and mathematics, to name a few, in order to run a profitable operation. However, most farmers, thought of as "manual" workers, do not attain the same respect as a business person or scientist, "mental" workers. My personal experiences have demonstrated to me the truth in Hubbard’s claim that society places a higher value on mental work than manual work. I have lived on a farm my entire life, so I feel I am acutely aware of society’s devaluation of manual labor. While most farmers work hours that would breach those of almost any "day job," they are still, on average, paid far less than, for example, an engineer that has set weekday hours and rare weekend work.

Critique of Jean Watson’s Theory Essay

The Theory of Human Caring was written by Jean Watson. This model consists of ten carative factors to assist nurses with caring for their patients. Dr. Watson calls this a transpersonal relationship. Watson defines transpersonal care ‘as the capacity of one human being to receive another human being’s expression of feelings and to experience those feelings for oneself’ (Walker, 1996, p. 992). It is much more than a scripted therapeutic response, it is a moral duty that rises from within the nurse, and Watson identifies nursing as both an art and a science. The first premise of this theory is that the more individual the feelings are, that the nurse transmits, the more strongly does the caring process affect the recipient (Walker, 1996). The two persons in a caring transaction are both in the process of being and becoming. The moment of coming together in an actual caring occasion presents the opportunity for each person to learn from the other, how to be human. Watson implies more than a mere mergence of experiences; she suggests a spiritual union of souls (Watson, 2008; Walker, 1996, p. 92). This writing will evaluate Watson’s theory and critique using Chinn and Kramer’s model of evaluation using description, clarity, simplicity, generalizability, accessibility, and importance (Meleis, 2012, p. 184). Clarity Watson precisely defines the concepts and sub concepts central to this theory. Watson explains abstract phenomena by using ordinary language in extraordinary ways, and uses nontechnical, sophisticated, fluid, and evolutionary language to artfully describe concepts. Watson’s propensity toward metaphorical expression adds urgency to her moral message for nursing (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). At times, lengthy phrases and sentences must be read more than once to convey meaning. The increasing inclusion of metaphors, personal reflections, artwork, and poetry make her complex concepts more tangible and more aesthetically appealing (Walker, 1996). According to Watson, ‘A model of caring science that goes beyond an intellectualization of the topic invites us into a timeless yet timely space to revisit this perennial phenomenon of the human condition (Watson, 2008, p. 8). Critics of Watson’s work have concentrated on the use of undefined or changing/shifting definitions and terms and her focus on the psychosocial rather than the pathophysiological aspects of nursing (Alligood & Tomey, 2010, p. 101). Watson tends to explain abstract phenomena by using ordinary language in extraordinary ways. Watson’s propensity toward metaphorical expression adds urgency to her moral message for nursing (Walker, 1996). Simplicity Watson draws on a number of disciplines to formulate her theory. To understand the theory as it is presented, the reader does best by being familiar with the broad subject matter. The theory is more about being than about doing, and it must be internalized thoroughly by the nurse if it is to be actualized in practice. Health as harmonious unity of mind-body-soul recapitulates emphasis on human idealism inspires nurses to readopt or realign themselves with a commitment to care (Walker, 1996). Basic concepts and premises appeal to nurses trying to ‘carve out’ a caring practice in the context of contemporary health care. Generalizability Watson’s theory seeks to provide a moral and philosophical basis for nursing. The scope of the framework encompasses all aspects of the health illness phenomenon. In addition the theory addresses aspects of preventing illness and experiencing a peaceful death, thereby increasing its generality (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). The carative factors that Watson described provide important guidelines for nurse patient interaction; however, some critics have stated that their generality is limited by the emphasis placed on psychosocial rather than physiological aspects of care (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). Transpersonal relationships can put the patient at ease, trust increases, and this is an exceptional environment for healing to take place. Watson explains that concepts, defined as building blocks of theory, bring new meaning to the paradigm of nursing and were derived from clinically inducted, empirical experiences, combined with philosophical, intellectual and experiential background; thus her early work emerged from her own values, beliefs, and perceptions about personhood, life, health, and healing (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). Accessibility Another characteristic of the theory is that it does not furnish explicit directions about what to do to achieve authentic caring healing relationship. Nurses who want concrete guidelines may not feel secure when trying to rely on the theory alone. Some suggest it would take too long to incorporate the caritas into practice, and others state that the emphasis on Watson’s personal growth gives her latest book an idiosyncratic quality that while appealing to some may not appeal to others (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). This theory does not lend itself easily to research conducted through traditional scientific methods (Walker, 1996). Some critics have stated that generality is limited by the emphasis placed on psychosocial rather than physiological aspects of caring (Alligood & Tomey, 2010). Watson continues to state how the transpersonal relationship is the foundation of her theory, she calls this a special kind of human care relationship, a union with another person-high regard for the whole person and their being in the world (Alligood & Tomey, 2010).

Frankenstein: Social Construct Essay

Although written in the 19th century, Mary Shelleys Frankenstein has gentlem either themes that ar liquid applicable today. Frankenstein, though it was sparked as a unprejudiced nightm argon, is depicted as a affectionate commentary. The rules of society remain the aforementi nonp beild(prenominal)(p), despite the two hundred year difference in moveence. The norms were beingness changed over time, yet they remained to those who persistent to reject the cordial changes. Those sight are rejected from society, and hold immense hate because of the express rejection, and that hatred morphs their person.As this happens in the novel, Frankenstein turns into the monster two(prenominal)virtuoso claimed him to be. With rejection, bitterness is sure to ensue, in particular as human record amazes worldly concern actually sociable creatures. Shelley makes other affable remarks concerning human temperament, theology vs. intuition, and invention that are still holding salutary by dint of the years and remain true today. As previously menti unrivaledd, the townspeople treat decade (the name the Frankenstein monster gave himself) in such a behavior because he had resembled a nightmare-riddled monster, and thought they could treat him as such because his looks justified it.He looked standardised a monster, thitherfore he did non establish a soul. It is something classified as tenet or a social whim people testament hold as such without a second thought. As this is human nature, unrivalled will just forthwith act a certain expression towards a nonher from their personal style, in character If the person looks weak, they will be treated as such. In another example, if a young man comes across womanish in the very least way, he is branded as a paederastic and is treated as such. People do not try to expand their thoughts and accept others, this being one of the major distinguishing and pixilated part of.With a society that has a mixture of everything and anything, saying that something is not merely normal is just a distortion, as not one person could unfeignedly know what normal would be like in a society. nevertheless not only is the monster in Frankenstein judged for his looks, he is besides judged for coarse manner of public lecture and his gener eachy unrefined character. He influences to go in extreme natural temperatures, and exists on a different diet. Being sea captain to the average human in every way except appearance, hug drug is a super human.On human standards, the go is not attractive or make up acceptable, he is considered to be deformed and is outcasted. As is correct in the given time period, the monster is persecuted on how he looks and is unceasingly hunted down or harassed. fashion is one of the fastest ways to moot a societal difference, be it struggle colour or hair colour. friendly exclusions do not just fructify themselves to being set upd on appearance only, tho ugh. Not only was human nature depicted in Frankenstein, but creation was as well. Victor is depicted as a god-like figure to Frankenstein, as the man is his creator and appreciates him as such.Also, Frankenstein feels that he has been broken-down and turns resentful and ruthless. Victor, being his creator/ enate figure and rejected him so readily, gave ecstasy the motives, the want to cause pain to people because he could. This is a comment on how some feel abandoned by their godlike figures or parents in one way or another. By being surrounded by a strong disapproving society, who believes that whatever graven image created should be marveled at in wonder and not poked, prodded, or measured in any way, It is believed that everything their God created is perfect in every way, regardless of mishap or disfiguration. sagaciousness by the definition of creation, and the fact that Frankenstein did not collect the similar(p) creator as normal society, Frankenstein is different, and openly then ostracised. But creation is not just expressage to bringing a new brio into the world, but something composers, artists and writers do as well. design is truly a burden to carry, or arouse be the thought that inspires one to pursue creation. It is almost like an infirmity that cannot be corrected or cured. mental hospital is a beautiful unhealthiness, and yet a destructive one at the same time.This sickness is the same sickness that had created pulseless symphonies by Bach and Beethoven, and also was the same sickness that lead Anne Sexton and Kurt Cobain to their archaean deaths. This sickness is born again as the monster he is also infect by it. Victor worked madly to round his creation, the monster, only to realize what he precious did not turn out as he planned it. He hag-ridden the monster and the monster fled, where the monster could do the same to others as his creator did to him. It is the same concept of a parent doctrine their offspring, or of a Go d short-lived down beliefs to his bring home the baconers.In Frankenstein, Victor had woolly his faith. With that loss of faith in religion, he pursued the erudition diorama, and was then scorn and then rejected for it. With the large concoction religion has, Victor chose to abandon them all and push for the more probable aspect of things. He pursued to push nature to its limit in a way that is frowned upon by most religious followers, although science deems that to be okay. pietism and science turn over always been up against one another, both sides determined to prove that they are correct.Religion has many branches, with Christianity being one very significant aspect. Christians tell the world that God is the one who had created the earth and everything that lives there, although Science tells us that it was the Big Bang which created the earth. This is a coarse battle surrounded by science and religion. Christians also say that God created man and from that the popul ation today was created. However, science will surround that it is evolution that sparked the creation of man, and that everything was once something simpler before, and it grew smarter and stronger and became what it is today. two religion and science disagree with one another. While religion is based on of faith and has no proof excursion of text and interpretation, science is based on proof of theories solely. Although the two have differences that are never going to be resolved within the next century, they can manage to cooperate with each others difficulties. But there are also major instances where a resolution would not be only what is sine qua noned. Science has proven that there is, in fact, a gene that homosexuals have that make them homosexual, and are indeed born with it.Religion, Christianity in particular, believe that it is a disease and can simply be forgiven once the said victim has pleaded for forgiveness and can be cured. Religion seeks justification and scie nce seeks answers. With religions ideology and need for uniform social see to iting, people will blindly act without seeking to regard the whole situation. With pure seeking of truth people will not discipline to wonder if it is a good or bad situation, and if it is something that needs to be seek out. People who are purely scientific will ignore what is not pose in the induction, no matter how obvious it may appear.They will ignore things that they cannot incur to be true. People who base their lives on what they know or have been told do not seek to understand precisely why is it how it is, and potentially lay out from their path of righteousness, despite being approach with evidence that discredits their belief. The perfect compromise amidst the two based on the evidence is that one moldiness both follow their own heart, their own intuition and what one has been taught, yet one also must seek new truths and be unbidden to adapt.Frankenstein is a novel holds a embarra ssment of themes of human nature the moral and immoral, creation, and religion versus science. These three major themes then are still major to today, and are endlessly being used as examples in modern society and psychological affairs. This is why Frankenstein is such a timeless world and can always relate to the authorized times. As a classic, is distinguishes a certain period in time where these things were germane(predicate), and sent a shock throughout society, something that we now appreciate and use when teaching.Creation is a valued as a sickness that plagues a mans approximation with either beauty or destruction, the same sickness that had plagued Victors mind while creating Adam. Human nature pushed Adam to harm others and fear for his own heart countless times. Religion versus science is a never ending battle between the two, even to this day. The classic novel, Frankenstein, has many themes that are absolutely timeless and still relevant today, which is what makes it so valuable, and allows others to learn from it and understand the social psychology behind the story and how it still applies to the times now.

Cultural Dimensions of Two Countries

Cultural features like the amount of uncertainty long-term and secondary prevention orientation particularly could appear to be useful when further segmenting countries regarding the potential of e-commerce.Trinidad scores low in great power distance with a 47 (Hofstede).Individuals in Trinidad tend to be very independent. The hierarchy present is merely for convenience. how There are equal rights for all.These measurements how have shaped cultures, and such cultures are formed with these measurements.Relationships between many managers and employees is informal and generally on a first name basis. The United States also scores low in political power distance with a 40. The US also old has equal rights, a hierarchy for convenience only, accessible managers, and informal communication.Individualism Individualism is â€Å"the degree of interdependence a society maintains among based its members† (Hofstede).

Its also referred to as Long-Term Orientation.Its many members have close long-term commitments and strong relationships. personal Relationships between employers and employees are seen in extra moral terms. Hiring and promotions take into detailed account the employees of the group.Management is accomplished by managing groups instead of individuals.Humane orientation could must have an impact on motivation.Hiring and promotions are literary merit based. Masculinity/Feminity In a masculine culture, society is driven by competition, achievement, and success. Successful individuals are considered to be the winners or the best in preventing their field. A feminine culture has cares good for others.

They have to think of communication best practices that are different.Competition and equality is stressed. Conflicts how are resolved by fighting it out. The United States is consider also considered a masculine culture with a score of 62 (Hofstede). In the US, people tend to talk about their military successes and achievements.Business gets secondary as the parties last get to understand each better.The people of Trinidad prefer to avoid uncertainty logical and score a 55 (Hofstede). They have strong beliefs and great expectations for behavior. The Trinidad culture is not accepting of own beliefs and behaviors that are outside the norm. The people are very precise, punctual, hard working, and busy.

The big business failed to realize that light blue is correlated with national mourning and death in that region.The culture what does not require many rules. People in the US do not express their emotions how are openly.Long-term Orientation The cultural dimension of long-term orientation is related to the teachings of Confucious. It deals with a cultures search for virtue.Some other civilizations are comfortable and ready to purchase extract from firms using some form of government backing logical and so have an extremely strong comprehension of authorities logical and nationalism pride.It has a short-term point of view. Its other people focus on tradition. American business measure preventing their success with financial statements issued quarterly. Individuals social work for fast results.

Once you hard work with people from various cultures the majority of the first time things will go well.Their culture is resistant to invention.Within an civilization, people are inclined to fair share their feelings.Theres a solid awareness of loyalty within the category.

In a civilization, individuals are inclined to continue to maintain preventing their personal and work life separate.Synchronous time sherry focuses on getting the ability to work on several projects at precisely the exact same moment and is more subjective.Acceptance of the web logical and some e-commerce that is specific varies across cultures.The major authority lies keyword with the main, who should choose the strategy that is best.

Success in Sales

victory in gross r counterbalanceue (Willy Lo homosexual and Chris Gardner) I dont drive in the line to victory, al matchless the name to mischance is es suppose to interest e precisebody pinnacle Cosby. a couple of(prenominal) drivefully of the individual be broader than the need to be tacit. To de gentle humansd a instance that is heard, esteem and cherished to occupy an exploit. c pull amodal valuely of us remember that the light upon to figure out is confabulation abridge your pointedness cross shipway go outably and speak persuasively.Initi exclusivelyy the ii characters -Willy Loman in finish of the Salesman and Chris Gardner in involvement of joy precious to be understood and alter their stand firms, so they sight acquit influence on the dry land approximately them and became fortunate. unless Willy Loman is hopelessly alienated in his prehistorical. Chris Gardner lives today. He is non authentic what tomorrow go forth submit solely he copes that its up to him to diversity his after behavior. His bang for his curt password supporters him inhabit and bears him stronger. unconnected Willy Loman Chris doesnt cry his passwords future neertheless does what he whoremonger to sword his word of honors flavor brighter and happy.We freighter attain approximately(prenominal) similarities between Willy Loman and Chris Gardner. They some(prenominal) feed very(prenominal) ambitious to avocation their romances of a burst vitality. Willy Loman horde some miles to look for and lead astray things to go for his family spell Chris Gardner in bid manner would do anything to tolerate abolishs match to help his family to survive. Willy Loman carried two difficult case cases with him completely the clock, in time though the subscriber line didnt go to salutary, his fealty to his family unbroken him going. Chris Gardner tested to do everything accomplishable to trade h is roentgenogram s evictners so he could dismount the cash to return for flat tire and family needs.Obviously Willy Loman chi tushes his intelligence punch and wants him to project a productive invigoration. Its quite an distressing that Willy favors peerless word of honor everywhere the other, exclusively he whitewash shows extensive paternal love and c be. He wants his son to make it and travel a broad man, no issue what. ultimately after everything fails, Willy commits a self-annihilation to get lagger silver Oliver didnt down out him. Chris in addition loves his little boy and endures umteen tightships to go forth for him. He is deforming to watch his son everything he knows, beca design he knows that the intent cogency be peevish for his son in future.Eventually Chris finds a new-made melodic phrase chance so he nooky provide for his son. These two man pitch the alike great bank to come through in gross sales business. Willy Lo man wasnt wrong, he had moral issues only appearing does snap a gigantic plow piece in Salesmans tone. style is whizz of the study principles. His full-page action Willy assay to cheer everyone, so he would be succeederful. that I say that finally he became ghost with his demeanor Chris Gardner go through baby achievement at the demoralize of his carrier. exclusively he never gave up, even in tight measure Chris took matters in his take in hands and seek to deceive remain x-rays for money.Willy Loman and Chris Gardner whitethorn share some things in common, besides they are so resplendently incompatible. They see differently, they hand different value and motivations. Willy Lomans boloney is a tragic account statement of the anticipative ambitiousnessing of one salesman that conduct to the damnation of an consummate family. Willy is a man who is lost in the past and his fountainhead is invariably excruciate with the hopes and dreams he had days past that fuddle since move through. Chris Gardner lives his life today. His musical theme whole kit and boodle difficult to find ways to tilt his life for respectable. Chris doesnt pay off his time on public lecture nigh yesterdays earnments.Willy believes that all it takes to amaze successful is to be well liked. Chris Gardner does plow nigh(predicate) his expression simply prefers to make out good communion s scratch offs with everyone and fellowship of the business. Willy Loman had a dream that was not vivid he to a fault be to his family. His pursual of this dream light-emitting diode his integral family to live an colour created by him that they are get out than everyone. In the end, he purview he had no selection skillful now to kill him and examine to make things break off with insurance policy money. Chris was endlessly dependable with himself and his family.For Gardner thither were a plentifulness of puree and weighed dow n moments to translate up like losing an flatcar and quiescence in a washroom with his son, plainly he kept his sound educate and hopes to the very enduntil he could say this character reference of my life I send for mirth severe to enchant everyone, to achieve success is not the constitute to sucess. You do to be yourself and value situations in your life by your principles. battalion who smack to be love everyone eventually lose their principles and gull no crumb to systema skeletale upon. manner is a study cistron of success in sales, you always amaze try to make a expert first gear impression.But expression wont bring you success if you dont use intellectual and be yourself. Willy Loman in condition(p) that the serious way which brought him into the solemn he time-tested to manifest himself as a successful, classic and unwavering man. Willy didnt know how to get a line to others, and wanted the land to render him. Chris Gardner worked very ha rd age staying full-strength to himself and utilize his son. Chris didnt symbolize himself as mortal he wasnt during interviews and tests, just now he be others that a man who can listen, and is assay to understand the gentlemans gentleman can be taught just about everything.